House construction Steps from start to End

2019-12-09 civilsitevisit

The following are the basic elements of a building :

1. Foundation

2. Plinth

3. Walls and columns

4. Sills, lintels and chejjas

5. Doors and windows

6. Floors

7. Roofs

8. Steps, stairs and lifts

9. Finishing work

Foundation :

Foundation is the most important part of the building. Building activity starts with digging the ground for foundation and then building it. It is the lower most part of the building.

It transfers the load of the building to the ground.

Function :-

Distribute the load from the structure to soil evenly and safely.
To anchor the building to the ground so that under lateral loads building will not move
It prevents the building from overturning due to lateral forces.
It gives level surface for the construction of super structure.

Plinth :

The portion of the wall between the ground level and the ground floor level is called plinth. It is usually of stone masonry or RCC . If the foundation is on piles, a plinth beam is cast to support wall above floor level.

At the top of plinth a damp proof course is provided. It is usually 75 mm thick plain concrete course.

The function of the plinth is to keep the ground floor above ground level, free of dampness. Its height is not less than 450 mm. It is required that plinth level is at least 150 mm above the road level, so that connections to underground drainage system can be made.

Walls and Columns :

The function of walls and columns is to transfer the load of the structure vertically downwards to transfer it to foundation.

Apart from this wall performs the following functions also:

It encloses building area into different compartments and provides privacy.
It provides safety from burglary and insects.
It keeps the building warm in winter and cool in summer

Sills , Lintels and Chejjas:

A window frame should not be directly placed over masonry. It is placed over 50 mm to 75 mm thick plain concrete course provided over the masonry. This course is called as sill.

Lintels are the R.C.C. or stone beams provided over the door and window openings to transfer the load transversely so as to see that door or window frame is not stressed unduly. The width of lintels is equal to the width of wall while thickness to be provided depends upon the opening size.

Chejja is the projection given outside the wall to protect doors and windows from the rain. They are usually made with R.C.C. In low cost houses stone slabs are provided as chejjas.

The projection of chejja varies from 600 mm to 800 mm. Sometimes drops are also provided to chejjas to improve acsethetic look and also to get additional protection from sun and rain.

Doors and Windows:

The function of a door is to give access to different rooms in the building and to deny the access whenever necessary. Number of doors should be minimum possible. The size of the door should be of such dimension as will facilitate the movement of the largest object likely to use the door.

Windows are provided to get light and ventilation in the building. They are located at a height of 0.75 m to 0.9 m from the floor level.

In hot and humid regions, the window area should be 15 to 20% of the floor area. Another thumb rule used to determine the size and the number of windows is for every 30 m3 of inside volume there should be 1 m2 window opening

Floors :

Floors are the important component of a building. They give working/useful area for the occupants. The ground floor is prepared by filling brick bats, waste stones, gravel and well compacted with not less than 100 mm sand layer on its top.

A lean concrete of 1 : 4 : 8, 100 mm thick is laid. On this a damp proof course may be provided. Then floor finishing is done as per the requirement of the owner.

Cheapest floor finish for a moderate house is with 20 to 25 mm rich mortar course finished with red oxide. The costliest floor finish is mossaic or marble finishing. Other floors are usually of R.C.C. finished as per the requirements of the owner

Roof :

Roof is the top most portion of the building which provide top cover to the building. It should be leak proof. Sloping roof like tiled and A.C. sheet give leak proof cover easily. But they do not give provision for the construction of additional floor.

Tiled roof give good thermal protection. Flat roofs give provision for additional floors. Terrace adds to the comfort of occupants. Water tanks can be easily placed over the flat roofs.

Step, Stairs and Lifts :

Steps give convenient access from ground level to ground floor level. They are required at doors in the outer wall. 250 to 300 mm wide and 150 mm rise is ideal size for steps. In no case the size of two consecutive steps be different.

Number of steps required depends upon the difference in the levels of the ground and the floor. Stairs give access from floor to floor. They should consists of steps of uniform sizes.

In all public buildings lifts are to be provided for the conveniences of old and disabled persons. In hostels G + 3 floors can be built without lifts, but in residential flats maximum floors permitted without lifts is only G + 2. Lift is to be located near the entrance. Size of the lift is decided by the number of users in peak hours. Lifts are available with capacity 4 to 20 persons.

Finishing :

Bottom portion of slab (ceiling), walls and top of floor need smooth finishing with plaster. Then they are provided with white wash, distemper or paints or tiles. The function of finishing work is:

(a) Give protective cover

(b) Improve aesthetic view

(d) Finishing work for plinth consists in pointing while for floor